Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD)
The term Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is used interchangeably with Dyspraxia, but DCD is the formal and defined condition.
DCD impacts coordination and movement in children, young people and adults and is characterised by motor performance in various areas being below expected age norms, despite previous opportunities being given to develop these skills. Research suggests that it affects 2-5% of school-aged children in the UK, with difficulties persisting into adulthood in many cases. DCD can co-present with other conditions such as Autism Spectrum Condition, Attention Deficit Disorder, and Specific Learning Differences.
Typical signs of DCD include coordination difficulties, reduced balance, delays in achieving developmental milestones and acquiring basic motor skills (writing, jumping, hopping, ball skills etc.). These differences can have a significant impact across all areas of life. Differences are usually seen early in development but may only become more noticeable over time, such as when starting school, learning to write, or transitioning to secondary school.
Individuals with DCD are often described as being ‘clumsy’; ‘slower to learn movement patterns’ or ‘inaccurate when completing a movement pattern’ and they may often also have sensory processing difficulties.
DCD can have a wide-ranging impact on:
- Planning and organising
- Sequencing and following instructions
- Copying work
- Friendships
- Behaviour (clowning, acting out, avoiding)
- Self-esteem and emotional well being
- Fidgeting and focus
- Handling everyday tools
- Transitioning during the day between activities/rooms
- Spatial awareness
- Taking on new challenges and mindset
How is it diagnosed?
DCD diagnosis is usually only made after the age of 4 or 5. A diagnosis can only be made once other factors are ruled out, including an intellectual disability, visual impairment or neurological condition e.g. cerebral palsy.
A diagnosis is made by applying the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – 5th edition (DSM-V) diagnostic criteria. An occupational therapist has the skills and knowledge to provide evidence for DCD using standardised assessments such as the Movement ABC-3. The final diagnosis is always made by a medical doctor (paediatrician/neurologist) as they will need to assess if the movement difficulties are due to an underlying neurological condition, illness or injury.
DCD can be supported with therapeutic interventions including occupational therapy, psychological support and implementing strategies in everyday life. Occupational therapy is one of the primary interventions for DCD.
Further information and resources:
https://movementmattersuk.org/
https://canchild.ca/en/diagnoses/developmental-coordination-disorder
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/developmental-coordination-disorder-dyspraxia/